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相比传统货物和服务贸易，数字贸易及其争端解决具有明显不同的性质与特征。WTO争端解决机制因规则滞后和适用性不足而作用受限，区域贸易协定虽尝试构建新规则，但缺乏协调性和强制力，难以形成统一框架。当前，数字贸易争端陷入“规则真空”与“机制失灵”的双重困境，如何构建高效、公平且具有普遍约束力的数字贸易争端解决机制，成为国际社会亟待解决的问题。基于数字贸易的特殊性，设计具有差异性的争端解决程序具有必要性，这一机制既要适当体现数字纪律的规则约束性，也应兼顾数字经济规则发展的适应性与灵活性。在数字贸易领域实体规则尚未统一的情况下，采取争端解决程序法先行的路径，具有一定可行性和必要性。WTO多边机制与RTA多元化争端解决机制各具利弊，多元化是目前现状，多边化是未来方向。
Abstract：Compared with traditional trade in goods and services, digital trade and its dispute resolution exhibit distinctive characteristics. The effectiveness of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is limited by outdated rules and partial applicability. Although regional trade agreements(RTAs) endeavor to establish new rule sets, they suffer from insufficient coordination and enforcement, hindering the emergence of a unified framework. At present, digital trade disputes are ensnared in a dual dilemma of “rule vacuum” and “mechanism failure”. Developing an efficient, fair, and universally binding mechanism for resolving digital trade disputes has thus become an urgent challenge for the international community. Given the particularities of digital trade, there is a need to design differentiated dispute resolution procedures. Such a mechanism should both reflect the regulatory constraints of digital disciplines and accommodate the adaptability and flexibility of the development of digital economy rules. In the absence of a globally unified set of substantial rules for digital trade, it is feasible and necessary to prioritize the development of dispute settlement procedures. The WTO multilateral mechanism and the diversified dispute settlement mechanisms of RTAs have their respective advantages and drawbacks. Diversification currently dominates, but multilateralism remains the envisaged future direction.
(1)See WTO,World Trade Report 2018:The Future of World Trade:How Digital Technologies are Transforming Global Commerce,available at https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789287045027,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(2)See OECD,Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade,available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/50th-session/documents/BG-Item3h-Digital%20Trade%20Handbook-E.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(3)See UNCTAD,Digital Economy Report 2021:Cross-border Data Flows and Development:For Whom the Data Flow,available at https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2021,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(4)See USITC,Digital Trade in the U.S.and Global Economies,Part 1,available at https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4415.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(5)See APEC,Internet and Digital Economy Roadmap,available at https://mddb.apec.org/Documents/2017/SOM/CSOM/17_csom_006.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(6)See Susan Ariel Aaronson,Information Please:A Comprehensive Approach to Digital Trade Provisions in NAFTA 2.0,available at https://www2.gwu.edu/～iiep/assets/docs/papers/2018WP/AaronsonIIEP2018-12.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(7)See Mira Burri,Towards a New Treaty on Digital Trade,55 Journal of World Trade 77( 2021).
(8)参见周念利、李玉昊:《全球数字贸易治理体系构建过程中的美欧分歧》,载《理论视野》2017年第9期。
(9)参见商务部:《中国数字服务贸易发展报告2018》,载https://www.199it.com/archives/941255.html,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(10)参见中华人民共和国商务部服务贸易和商贸服务业司:《中国数字贸易发展报告2021》,载https://cif.mofcom.gov.cn/cif/html/upload/20230202091317300_中国数字贸易发展报告2021.pdf,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(11)参见中国信息通信研究院:《数字贸易发展白皮书(2020)——驱动变革的数字服务贸易》,载https://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/bps/202012/P020201216506475945126.pdf,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(12)See Yuka Fukunaga,Are Digital Trade Disputes “Trade Disputes”?,in Shin-yi Peng,Ching-Fu Lin & Thomas Streinz eds.,Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law Disruption,Regulation,and Reconfiguration,Cambridge University Press,2021,pp.155-172.
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(15)See WTO,Work Programme on Electronic Commerce,available at https://www.wto.ru/upload/medialibrary/046/Work%20Programme%20on%20Electronic%20Commerce.pdf,last visited on August 25 2025.
(16)See WTO,Work Programme on Electronic Commerce,available at https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-agreements/WTO-e-commerce-negotiations/WORK-PROGRAMME-ON-ELECTRONIC-COMMERCE-Ministerial-Decision-December-2017.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(17)See WTO,E-commerce Negotiators Finalize “Technical Discussions” and Outline Next Steps,available at https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/ecom_25apr24_e.htm,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(18)案件详情可参见https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(19)案件详情可参见https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds615_e.htm,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(20)案件详情参见https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds378_e.htm,最后访问日期:2025年8月25日。
(21)案件详情参见https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds413_e.htm,最后访问日期:2025年8月25日。
(22)See WTO News,Members Discuss Harnessing Benefits of Fast-Growing Services Trade for Their Economies,available at https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/serv_06dec24_e.htm,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(23)参见谭观福:《国际经贸规则视域下中国对数字贸易的规制》,载《河北法学》2023年第12期。
(24)参见中国法学会世界贸易组织法研究会:《数字贸易规则建构与完善》,载https://wto.chinalaw.org.cn/portal/article/index/id/194.html,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(25)See Henry Gao,Regulation of Digital Trade in US Free Trade Agreements:From Trade Regulation to Digital Regulation,45 Legal Issues of Economic Integration 47(2018).
(26)参见中华人民共和国商务部:《中国数字贸易发展报告2024》,载https://fms.mofcom.gov.cn/cms_files/filemanager/10364010/attach/20249/d54a62e9ce31430aa0054a1d59fc0abf.pdf?fileName=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A2024.pdf,最后访问时间:2025年8月25日。
(27)参见谭观福:《国际经贸规则视域下中国对数字贸易的规制》,载《河北法学》2023年第12期。
(28)See Marc D.Froese,Digital Trade and Dispute Settlement in RTAs:An Evolving Standard 53 Journal of World Trade 783(2019).
(29)See Claude Chase,Alan Yanovich,Jo-Ann Crawford & Pamela Ugaz,Mapping of Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in Regional Trade Agreements:Innovative or Variations on a Theme?,available at https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/80057/1/749852216.pdf,last visited on Aug.25,2025.
(30)参见杲沈洁、肖冰:《国际争端解决机制的司法化困境及其改革进路》,载《外交评论(外交学院学报)》2023年第5期。
(31)参见万晓格:《数字贸易争端解决程序设计研究》,载《中国国际私法与比较法年刊》第26卷,法律出版社2021年版,第253页。
(32)参见赵春蕾:《美欧自由贸易协定下劳工争端解决机制的范式分析与经验借鉴》,载《国际经济法学刊》2022年第4期。
(33)See Karen J.Alter & Sophie Meunier,The Politics of International Regime Complexity,7 Perspectives on Politics 13(2009).
(34)参见赵宏:《从“契约”到“准司法”——国际争端解决的发展进路与WTO争端解决机制改革》,载《清华法学》2023年第6期。
基本信息:
DOI：10.16823/j.cnki.10-1281/d.2025.06.004
中图分类号:D996.1
引用信息:
[1]漆彤.全球数字贸易争端解决机制发展现状、困境及纾解[J].财经法学,2025,No.66(06):71-85.DOI:10.16823/j.cnki.10-1281/d.2025.06.004.
基金信息:
教育部基地重大项目“我国海外经济利益保护的法理探索与制度创新研究”(22JJD820007)的阶段性成果
2025-11-15
2025-11-15